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Glossolepis incisus Salmon Red Rainbowfish

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Description

Glossolepis incisus Salmon Red RainbowfishWeber, 1908 Salmon Red Rainbowfish Species Summary Female Glossolepis incisus have a yellowish olive body colour with a golden iridescence to the scales, and clear fins. The males on the other hand are brilliant, the entire body and fins are a bright salmon red colour. Some of the scales have a silvery sheen, which creates a most unusual effect over the red background colour. Young fish are all rather dull in colour, being an overall olive greenish

Weber, 1908
Salmon-Red Rainbowfish

 

Species Summary
Female Glossolepis incisus have a yellowish olive body colour with a golden iridescence to the scales, and clear fins. The males on the other hand are brilliant, the entire body and fins are a bright salmon-red colour. Some of the scales have a silvery sheen, which creates a most unusual effect over the red background colour. Young fish are all rather dull in colour, being an overall olive greenish colour with a trace of silvery sheen. However, once the fish reach a length of 4 to 5 cm the males begin to colour up. Once the colour change begins to occur it progresses quite rapidly. By the time the fish are 7 to 8 cm long the males should have their full intense red colouration. Males are typically deeper bodied than females and have a high rounded back which gives them the appearance of having a relatively small head and disproportionately large eyes. Males may reach a maximum size of 15 cm, but females are usually less than 12 cm.

Glossolepis differ from other melanotaeniids by a combination of characters which includes distinctly crenulate scale margins, a high gill raker count, spine at the beginning of the second dorsal fin taller than first spine of first dorsal fin, relatively elongate pectoral fins, a unique premaxillary dentition and characteristic profile of the head, nape, and dorsal and anal fins.


Lake Sentani - photo© Gary Lange


Distribution & Habitat
Glossolepis incisus are found only in Lake Sentani. Lake Sentani is located some 10 kilometres west of Jayapura at the NE extremity of West Papua. It is an irregularly shaped lake with approximate dimensions of 28 km (E-W) by 19 km (N-S) and a surface area of 104 km². Its blue-green waters are dotted with at least 16 small islands, and it is surrounded by hillsides in the south and the Cyclops Mountains in the north, which separate the lake from the Pacific Ocean. Lake Sentani is by far the largest of the West Papuan lakes and has a catchment area of about 600 km². About 35 small rivers flow into the lake, and there is one natural outlet in the south-eastern tip, via the Jafuri and Tami rivers to the Pacific Ocean near the Papua New Guinea border. The lake is divided into three main sections with recorded depths of 7 to 52 metres. According to surveys in 1970-71, 1984 and 1987 the lake is thermally unstratified, with surface temperatures of 29-32°C and pH 6.2-6.8. Rainbowfishes are generally found around the margins of the lake. Large numbers are found congregating around submerged aquatic vegetation, fallen tree branches etc.

The overall abundance of Glossolepis incisus was considered high in Lake Sentani during surveys in November-December 2009, July-November 2010 and October 2011, with more than 30 individuals per site per visit, collected during a three-year survey (Ohee 2013). The highest abundance was found at water depths of 0-60 cm and in the early morning, 06.00-09.00 am, and afternoon, around 16.00-18.00 pm. Some fish were also detected at around a depth of two meters, as well as some at depths exceeding two meters. Local spearfishermen reported seeing Glossolepis incisus in even deeper water, while seine fishermen were observed catching them. However, the low number of individuals found in both cases suggests that although they can be found in such deep water, the occurrence is rare. Fish were collected along the shoreline of the lake and mouths of two creeks, namely Waena Creek and Jembatan II Creek. Fish with smaller body lengths (<90 mm SL) tended to occupy the very shallow area near the shoreline, while fish with larger bodies (>90 mm SL) were rare along the shoreline. The mean body lengths (SL) of the collected specimens were 65.52-70.72 mm.


Glossolepis incisus (males) - photo© Hristo Hristov


Male Glossolepis incisus were more abundant than females in the shallow waters along the shoreline, the latter being found more commonly in deeper waters. Moreover, they usually avoided high light intensities by moving to shaded areas or deeper water. Therefore, fish were rarely found in shallow waters during periods of high light intensity, such as from late-morning to mid-afternoon, having moved to deeper waters. In cases where they remained near the surface, they had moved to shadowed areas, such as under stilt houses or amongst submerged plants. The substrate of the lake consists of mud and sand, and water plants grow in shallow areas to cover 25% of the lake's area.

Glossolepis incisus are known to prefer habitats with submerged plants, roots, and wood debris, which are all commonly found along the shorelines. In Lake Sentani, various types of terrestrial vegetation were also found along the shoreline. The vegetation grows naturally, or is planted by people who reside in the area. Generally, the fish were abundant amongst the roots of some plants, such as the Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu), or large trees, such as Ficus spp., as well as grasses. Large trees also provided shade for the fish. Hydrilla verticillata was the most ubiquitous water plant, being found in most locations. Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum, Potamogeton and Vallisneria are some aquatic plants found in the deeper parts of the lake, while water lilies (Nymphaea, Nymphoides), Ipomoea aquatica, Bulrushes, and floating aquatic plants Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Lemna are found in the shallow parts. Eichhornia crassipes is the most common plant and is found throughout the entirety of Lake Sentani, often disturbing water-based transportation. Pandanus and Sago (Metroxylon sagu) grow on the shore.

The overall habitat preference of Glossolepis incisus was clear, shallow water, sand, gravel, and cobble substrate, and shoaling amidst Hydrilla verticillata, Valisneria, Eichhornia crassipes, Metroxylon sagu, and grasses. The availability of food also attracted fish to certain areas, such as under the traditional stilt houses, roots of some plants, litter, and wood debris. The pollen of terrestrial plants, as well as terrestrial insects, also served as a food source for the fish, along with the larvae of aquatic insects and algae. Roots of plants were also important for refuge. These factors influenced their distribution and habitat selection, and consequently, its abundance (Ohee 2013).

Unfortunately, because of its proximity to the provincial capital Jayapura and the large population around it, Sentani is no longer the pristine lake it once was. Despite the fact that Lake Sentani has been identified as an important ecosystem for species conservation (Conservation International 1999; Polhemus et al. 2004), the area remains under no protection. Meanwhile, human activities surrounding the lake have led to noticeable deforestation around it, water pollution, and the introduction of exotic species. Although Glossolepis incisus has been largely unaffected by the present concentrations of pollutants in Lake Sentani, the continuing human population growth around the lake will result in concentrations that will be hazardous to Glossolepis incisus and its co-inhabitants.

Reference

https://rainbowfish.angfaqld.org.au/Incisus.htm

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4.6 ★★★★★
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Immer
San Leandro, US
★★★★★ 4
As A Dominant Species, We Dance On The Razor’s Edge
Format: Hardcover
Under A White Sky Elizabeth Kolbert’s claim to fame is her book The Sixth Extinction. In comparison Kolbert’s under A White Sky is rather short and disorganized, yet her coverage of those working on solutions to Climate Change is pretty darn interesting.  In her conclusion, she writes, “This has been a book about people trying to solve problems created by people trying to solve problems.” Putting this sentence at the book’s beginning rather than buried at its end would have provided a reader a compass to help determine where Kolbert was going with her dialogue. As she wades through the reversed direction of the Chicago river; Asian carp; Cane toads; forced and accelerated evolution in regard to coral, in particular in regard to the Great Barrier Reef (without discussing the importance of the worlds reefs; the continual flooding of New Orleans both despite and because of the actions of The Army Corps of engineers, one begins to ponder a general connection that might exist, while the book itself is headed toward a two star rating. Then, Kolbert got to Global Warming and Climate science. The book’s last sixty pages are worth the complete price of admission. The chapter begins with carbon sequestration, the pros and cons of how it can be done, and does it also contribute to the growing problem. The stoppered bathtub” analogy is perhaps the best analogy I’ve heard in regard to the anthropocentric carbon dioxide problem on the Earth. The tub is full of water/ the sky’s CO2 level; the tubs stoppered, so the water isn’t going anywhere, and the atmosphere’s increased CO2 level won’t drop in the near future either; and even if the water flow to the tub is reduced, it will still accumulate until over flowing, as will reduced emissions continue to amass in the atmosphere. In a sense, we are already beyond the tipping point in terms of global temperature increase. Harvard University Center for the Environment director Dan Schrag says, “I’m a scientist. My job is not to tell people the good news. My job is to describe the world as accurately as possible.” He predicts, due to the fact that the oceans must equilibriate. “If we were to stop CO2 emissions tomorrow, which of course isn’t possible, it’s still going to warm for centuries. That’s just basic physics.” Thus enters the topic of geoengineering, and the connection with people trying to solve problems created by people trying to solve problems truly comes into focus. Kolbert , in a rather clandestine way connects the dots of her past “local problems”, but now the problem fix, if it doesn’t work could create problems beyond solving. She hits the nail on the head with this. Humans have been around 35-50 thousand years, but only the last ten thousand or so have they thrived, largely due to agriculture and differentiation of what one can do because of agriculture. But ag has only been able to thrive because of the rather consistent global weather of the past ten thousand years, due to glacial retreat. This has been presented in great detail by Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel. The CO2 we’ve put into the atmosphere isn’t going anywhere, as we continue to pour more into the mix. Her interviews with climate scientists do not bode well for our species, as everything they think of to combat the CO2 conundrum brings more as the bathtub continues to fill. One could say humans have become victims of their own success as a species. Ultimately, one gets the feeling from Kolbert and her interviews, that the enormous fluctuations in the Earth’s climate over geological time, and those yet to come, render whatever we do as humans as a moot point. The Earth will shake is off as a dog rids itself of fleas. She also brings to the argument, when the blank really hits the fan, as it will despite, or because of any preventative efforts by man, the resulting population displacements will be staggering. A sobering, informative book as we, as a species, dance on the razor’s edge.
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Reviewed in the United States on September 24, 2021
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Christine Liu
Louisville, US
★★★★★ 5
fascinating and compellingly written
Format: Hardcover
Elizabeth Kolbert is one of my favorite nonfiction authors. She has such a knack for writing in a clear, compelling way that makes you think and marvel and ask questions you've never considered before. In her previous book, The Sixth Extinction, she catalogs all the ways in which humans have drastically changed the natural world, ushering the new age of the Anthropocene. Under a White Sky is an exploration of the ways scientists around the world are trying to undo those changes. There are people engineering unique solutions to combat a variety of environmental threats: invasive carp in the Chicago River and cane toads in Australia, Louisiana's rapidly disappearing Mississippi River delta, rare species that now depend entirely on human conservation for their continued survival, and, perhaps most pressingly, the problem of rising carbon emissions and global climate change. That there are brilliant minds working innovatively to solve these problems inspires optimism. But these sobering portraits really highlight the extreme human measures it takes to keep at bay the problems caused by humans interfering with nature in the first place. We've already transformed the planet; how much more will it be transformed by these interventions, and in what ways?
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Reviewed in the United States on March 11, 2021
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Carlos
Lexington, US
★★★★★ 5
Exactly what I ordered
Format: Paperback
As described the book was in great condition and ut was delivered with care
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Reviewed in the United States on August 12, 2025
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Wayne C. Solomon
Lowell, US
★★★★★ 5
Five Stars
Format: Paperback
Look no further. This work is the Rosetta Stone of storytelling.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 24, 2017
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D. Christofferson
Massapequa, US
★★★★★ 2
It's good for storytelling but has content in stories that's inappropriate in this century
Format: Audiobook
Well modulated interesting and excellent storytelling ability, and skills to teach us of the same. However. I get to the 2nd lesson, it's a book of fiction for the story premise. She describes a woman in her family who can't get pregnant (in the old days), knowing her husband really wants children,and gets happy, as she turns to her "maid" and exclaims that this is alright, he can have a child with their maid! Then the storytelling author, laughs, jokes, about pleasing him and when she says the audience is laughing too, that maybe he can get a 2nd maid pregnant too. Laughing and joking I. The man's eyes as she tells it, about men and their sex drives. I'm not reading g a Victorian romance novel or of the plantation owners in the south, I'm reading a book of lessons on good story telling. This turned me off 500%, and I am done with this author and this book. Is this told by an FDLS polygamist, or ...what? What would make this story in 2013, OK to teach in a college course, or in this book? I don't care if she even made it up for a family old story.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 14, 2025

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